Approximately 3% of the United States population suffers from gastroesophageal reflux disease, persistent heartburn.

Esophageal ruptures and perforations can be caused by violent vomiting. This can lead to tissue inflammation in the chest and allow fluid to enter the pleural space. Surgical repair of the esophagus and drainage of the area are performed immediately.

In some cases, long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease can produce cancerous changes of the esophageal lining. Esophageal cancer is a very serious diagnosis requiring resection of part or the entire esophagus for a cure. The surgery is complex and the patient is often in the intensive care unit for an extended period following the surgery.